Index
Accounts Information
Creating a User Account for Yourself
Some Basic FreeBSD Commands
Command Line Editing
Using vi as an Editor
Post-installation Configuration
Short Example Using FreeBSD Commands
SSH and SCP instead of Telnet and FTP
Getting FreeBSD 6.0 Files and Others
pkg_add: Adding Packages or Ports by Hand
Network Information
ifconfig
rc.conf
Stopping and Starting the Network
Stopping and Starting Services
Installation Notes
Slices and Partitions
Distribution Sets
Quick Installation Guide (Using CD-ROM)
The FreeBSD Directory Structure
A Few Differences from Linux
VI tutorial
ACCOUNT: root
PASSWORD: Given in class
PLEASE! Do not change the root password. This will cause numerous problems throughout the workshop. The machine in front of you is yours for the duration of the workshop.
IF YOU CHANGE THIS PASSWORD YOUR MACHINE MAY BE REINSTALLED FROM SCRATCH!
If you already did this during the Sunday introductory FreeBSD session, we still need you to do this again to make sure that everyone has the same configuration. You should have removed your user account at the end of the day on Sunday.
There are several ways to do this. We'll use one method for now, but you can use the interactive adduser
script
if you wish. This may require additional setup on your part the first time you run the script.
Below create the exim user account and your own personal user account as well using the following commands:
pw useradd exim -u 90
pw useradd username -m -G exim,wheel -s /bin/csh
By placing your user in the wheel group this allows you to become the superuser root by using the
su
command. For more information on the pw
command type man pw
at the prompt.
Now you need to set the password for your new account so that you can login on that account. To do this type:
passwd username
man | Help pages for commands |
cd | Change Directory |
ls | LiSt files/directories |
cp | CoPy files/directories |
rm | ReMove files/directories |
mv | MoVe files/directories |
mkdir | MaKe a DIRectory |
ps | See currently running ProceSses |
cat | ConCATenate a file to the screen (by default) |
less | Display a file to the screen with editing functionality |
more | Display a file to the screen and pause |
tail | See the end (tail) of a a file |
gzip | ZIP (compress) a file, or set of files |
gunzip | UNZIP (decompress) a zip archive |
bunzip2 | ZIP/UNZIP alternate compression format |
tar | Archive/unarchive files/directories to file or tape |
grep | Look for pattern(s) in file(s) |
# bash bash-2.03#
If you change the default shell for root it is possible to create a situation where you cannot get a a shell if your machine's environment becomes damaged.
vi <filename> .... [ESC] | -- edit a file |
i .... [ESC] | -- insert text before cursor position |
A .... [ESC] | -- append text to end of current line |
x | -- delete character under cursor |
dd | -- delete whole line |
:wq .... [ESC] | -- save and exit |
:q! | -- exit without saving |
ESC Shift-ZZ | -- save and exit |
o .... [ESC] | -- insert a line after cursor position |
dd | -- delete the current line |
h j k l | -- left|down|up|right (preferred) |
# /stand/sysinstall
However, you may find that some of this is quicker to do from the command line, some of which is explained below.
We will be placing source for programs during the workshop in a directory called /usr/local/src. See the Installation Notes section below for more information on partition slices.
To create /usr/local/src do the following:
Take a look at what's in /usr/local/src (which is nothing):
ssh username@host | -- Connect to host using an encrypted session |
scp filename user@host:/path/filename | -- Copy filename to path at host using username for authentication |
scp -r * user@host:/path/. | -- Copy all files and all subdirectories to host under path specified. This is much more difficult using ftp. |
scp user@host:/path/filename \ /path/filename | -- Copy file from host authenticating with user and put it in path with filename. |
scp userX@hostX:/path/filename \ userY@hostY:/path/filename | -- Copy filename from hostX authenticating as userX to hostY authenticating as userY. This is something that you cannot do with ftp. |
cd pub/packages
[to get FreeBSD 6.0 packages] Many third-party software is supplied in ready-to-use form, but is not in the base system. This is (a) to keep the base system smaller, and (b) because of different licensing terms. (The FreeBSD license is actually less restrictive than the GNU/GPL license under which a lot of open-source software is distributed)
All this third-party software installs under /usr/local
.
You can use /stand/sysinstall
to add packages, but it is quicker to use 'pkg_add' from the command line. The example below
assumes that you have the FreeBSD mounted to the mount point /cdrom. For example, to add the editor 'emacs':
# cd /cdrom/packages/All # ls # pkg_add emacs-21.3_3.tbz [For the workshop you can simply enter in the command below. Note that you must be root to do this.] # pkg_add ftp://ftp.e1.ws.afnog.org/pub/packages/All/emacs-21.3_3.tbzNote that the configuration files for third-party software are in
/usr/local/etc
, and scripts to start daemons are installed
under /usr/local/etc/rc.d
, and /etc/rc.d
. You can also compile packages directly from the source code, if you have the "ports" distribution installed. The ports system automatically fetches the source file via FTP or anonCVS, applies any FreeBSD-specific patches, and compiles and installs the code. A "package" is really just a "port" which has been compiled.
# cd /usr/ports/shells/bash # make # make install # make cleanSometimes you will find that a "port" exists, but no corresponding binary "package". This is usually because of licensing or export restrictions. The "port" is always able to be distributed because it does not include any software, only instructions on how to fetch and compile the software from somewhere else.
You can query installed packages, or package .tbz files, using pkg_info.
pkg_info -aI | -- list all installed packages (one line per package) |
pkg_info emacs-21.3_3 | -- description of package |
pkg_info -L emacs-21.3_3 | -- list all files in package |
man pkg_info | -- read this for more details |
This is the command you use to interactively start and stop network interfaces and to define how they run. You need root access to use this command.
/etc/rc.conf
. This file is edited by
/stand/sysinstall, but it's perfectly OK to edit this by hand. It is in this file that you configure the hostname, IP address for each
interface, and so on. Changes you make in here won't take effect until you reboot. defaultrouter="80.248.72.126" hostname="host1.t1.ws.afnog.org" ifconfig_ed0="inet 80.248.72.1 netmask 255.255.255.248" # On hosts where you don't want sendmail to accept incoming port 25 # (but you still want daemons to be able to send outgoing mail): sendmail_flags="-q30m"
The sendmail flag is not set in this workshop. The full list of options, and their default values, can be found in /etc/defaults/rc.conf - but don't edit this file, edit /etc/rc.conf instead. This makes it easier to upgrade your system to a later version of FreeBSD.
You may be used to something like "/etc/rc.d/init.d/network stop" under Linux. Under FreeBSD this functionality resides in /etc/rc.conf and is parsed at system startup. So, to stop your currently running network first use ifconfig to figure out what interface you wish to stop.
This displays your network interface status. Notice that "sis0" (Fast Ethernet) has an IP address assigned. Not that lo0 as an address as well. This is your loopback device. To bring sis0 down type:
Now to bring it back up just type:
There is quite a bit more to ifconfig and we'll discuss this during the Monday evening FreeBSD session as well, or you can type "man ifconfig" for more information. Review the "rc.conf" section above as well.
By default, system services are configured in /etc/rc.conf and are started at system startup. If you need to start and stop one of these services (perhaps you changed the service's configuration file) you should do the following:
or to find a particular running service, like sendmail, try:
You'll get output that includes the process ID number on the left. If you make a change to the process's configuration, or just need to restart the process, you can do the following:
Note, if the service is a third party package, then you can often find configuration files for the service in /usr/local/etc/. In addition you may find shell scripts that can start and stop the service with command line parameters in /usr/local/etc/rc.d. Use these scripts instead, when available, to start and stop a service. Default services are now being placed in /etc/rc.d, so you may need to use one of these scripts to stop/start a service.
The FreeBSD slice is then divided into "partitions". Example:
/dev/ad0 -- first ATA/ATAPI (IDE) hard drive /dev/ad0s1 -- first slice (MSDOS "partition") on first IDE hard drive /dev/ad0s1a -- first partition in this FreeBSD slice /dev/ad0s1b -- second partition in this FreeBSD slice /dev/ad0s1e -- third (usable) partitionFor historical reasons, partitions c and d are not used. We strongly recommend you configure your partitions as:
a: root filesystem (/) b: swap space e,f...: other filesystemsAll "large" parts of the filesystem should be separate from the root, so that the root itself remains small (less likely to get corrupted). This means at least /usr and /var, and possibly also /home if you have user accounts. One convention you might consider would be to create a resonable sized /var partition (for variable data like logs), then put all remaining disk space in a partition called /usr, and put home directories under that (/usr/home/username)
Insert boot floppy, change to root floppy when prompted Skip kernel config Express install Delete any existing partitions, then select "Entire disk" Say Yes to standard partition entry Select BootMgr Create partition; ctrl-U to delete number presented, enter "100m" instead FS / Create partition; ctrl-U; 100m Swap Create partition; ctrl-U; 400m FS /var Create partition; ctrl-U; 400m FS /usr Create partition; hit enter to accept number given (i.e. rest of disk) FS /u X-User (must hit SPACEBAR, not Enter, to select it) Yes install ports collection Default answers to remaining questions (i.e. just hit Enter) WAIT for install to complete No extra options after install Exit install Reboot (remember to remove floppy and CD) Login as root halt Label machine as being successfully installed.
man hier
at the prompt. The FreeBSD directory hierarchy is fundamental to obtaining an overall understanding of the system. The most important concept to grasp is that of the root directory, ``/''. This directory is the first one mounted at boot time and it contains the base system necessary to prepare the operating system for multi-user operation. The root directory also contains mount points for every other file system that you may want to mount.
A mount point is a directory where additional file systems can be grafted onto the root file system. Standard mount points include /usr, /var, /mnt, and /cdrom. These directories are usually referenced to entries in the file /etc/fstab. /etc/fstab is a table of various file systems and mount points for reference by the system. Most of the file systems in /etc/fstab are mounted automatically at boot time from the script rc(8) unless they contain the noauto option. Consult the fstab(5) manual page for more information on the format of the /etc/fstab file and the options it contains.
A complete description of the filesystem hierarchy is available in hier(7). For now, a brief overview of the most common directories will suffice.
Directory | Description |
---|---|
/ | Root directory of the filesystem. |
/bin/ | User utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments. |
/boot/ | Programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap. |
/boot/defaults/ | Default bootstrapping configuration files; see loader.conf(5). |
/dev/ | Device nodes; see intro(4). |
/etc/ | System configuration files and scripts. |
/etc/defaults/ | Default system configuration files; see rc(8). |
/etc/mail/ | Configuration files for mail transport agents such as sendmail(8). |
/etc/namedb/ | named configuration files; see named(8). |
/etc/periodic/ | Scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via cron(8); see periodic(8). |
/etc/ppp/ | ppp configuration files; see ppp(8). |
/mnt/ | Empty directory commonly used by system administrators as a temporary mount point. |
/proc/ | Process file system; see procfs(5), mount_procfs(8). |
/root/ | Home directory for the root account. |
/sbin/ | System programs and administration utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments. |
/stand/ | Programs used in a standalone environment. |
/tmp/ | Temporary files, usually a mfs(8) memory-based filesystem (the contents of /tmp are usually NOT preserved across a system reboot). |
/usr/ | The majority of user utilities and applications. |
/usr/bin/ | Common utilities, programming tools, and applications. |
/usr/include/ | Standard C include files. |
/usr/lib/ | Archive libraries. |
/usr/libdata/ | Miscellaneous utility data files. |
/usr/libexec/ | System daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs). |
/usr/local/ | Local executables, libraries, etc. Also used as the default destination for the FreeBSD ports framework. Within /usr/local, the general layout sketched out by hier(7) for /usr should be used. Exceptions are the man directory is directly under /usr/local rather than under /usr/local/share. Ports documentation is in share/doc/ port. |
/usr/obj/ | Architecture-specific target tree produced by building the /usr/src tree. |
/usr/ports | The FreeBSD ports collection (optional). |
/usr/sbin/ | System daemons & system utilities (executed by users). |
/usr/share/ | Architecture-independent files. |
/usr/src/ | BSD and/or local source files. |
/usr/X11R6/ | X11R6 distribution executables, libraries, etc (optional). |
/var/ | Multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files. |
/var/log/ | Miscellaneous system log files. |
/var/mail/ | User mailbox files. |
/var/spool/ | Miscellaneous printer and mail system spooling directories. |
/var/tmp/ | Temporary files that are kept between system reboots. |
/var/yp | NIS maps. |
Linux: eth0 = first ethernet device (of any type) FreeBSD: sis0 = first SIS900 10/100 ethernet, ed0 = first NE2000 device, ep0 = first 3Com 3c509, etc. Linux: COM1 serial port = /dev/ttyS0 FreeBSD: COM1 serial port = /dev/cuaa0 (call out) or /dev/ttyd0 (call in) Linux: /etc/inittab configures incoming serial connections FreeBSD: /etc/ttys configures incoming serial connections
To move from insert mode to command mode, use the [ESC] key. If you forget to do this and end up with a ':wq' or something else that you don't want at the end of your line, just backspace over the characters that you don't want, then hit [ESC]. If you hit [ESC] when you are already in command mode, the terminal will beep at you, but it won't do anything to your file. When in doubt, hit [ESC].
To move from command mode to insert mode, use the i, a, o, or O command as described below. There are a few others, but those are the most common.
To use the following commands, you must be in command mode:
A handy thing about these commands is that you can type a number first, and the editor will do the command that many times. For instance, l moves the cursor one character to the right, and 12l moves the cursor twelve characters to the right. You shouldn't see the number or command that you type, by the way. If you do, you are in insert mode; you should backspace over the number and press the [ESC] key, then try again. Note that "^" means "press the control key."
pwd
should be in /root
lets create a .forward file...
type vi
i
to insert
enter email address you want to forward to root@noc.t1.ws.afnog.org
hit escape
to exit from insert mode
enter :wq .forward
to write the file out as .forward and exit
.forward
file
vi .forward
$
to move to end of line
a
to start inserting text to the right of the cursor
hit enter
enter email address root@noc.ws.afnog.org
hit escape
enter:wq
to write and quit
vi .forward
enter dd
to remove the first line
:wq
to write and quit
rm .forward